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Another important tradition is sending Christmas cards. People start sending cards to their relatives and friends early in December, Going home for Christmas, is another good tradition. Christmas is considered to be a family celebration and every pers
o
n must come back home on this day. This means that at Christmas, American houses are full of aunts, uncles, cousins and other relatives who might not see each other for a year. Americans put up a Christmas tree and decorate it with toys and sweets. There
a
re religious ceremonies at churches on Christmas Day and families usually attend them. The Christmas table is very big. You can see turkey, ham, sweet potatoes, pies and other food. In the morning children hurry to the Christmas tree to look for presents.
They hang big colourful socks for Santa Claus to put presents inside. Everybody starts unwrapping presents and thanking each other.
New Year's Day is celebrated on the 1-st of January but Americans begin celebrating it on the 31-st of December, There i
s a big celebration in Times Square in New York City on this day. New Year's Day is not as widely celebrated as Christmas. On January 1 Americans visit friends, relatives and neighbours. There are parties and а
lot of food. People watch television together and write New YearТ s resolutions.
Martin Luther King Day it celebrated on the third Monday in January. Martin Luther King was a black man who won full civil rights for black Americans. On this day schools
, offices and federal agencies are closed.
Memorial Day is on the last Monday of May. On this day Americans honour the memories of their dead relatives. This day is also the beginning of summer. Americans go to relax at the beach or go to the mountains.
Independence Day is one of the most important holidays in America. It is celebrated on the 4-th of July. On this day in 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia. There arc picnics, parades and fireworks all over the country on In
dependence Day. Americans do not work: they have day-long picnics with their favourite food like hot-dogs, hamburgers, potato salad and others.
Halloween is a holiday celebrated mostly by children and the young. On the 31-st of October they dress as vam
pires, witches and ghosts and go from house to house saying trick or treat. People should give them a treat otherwise, the children will play a trick, on them.
Thanksgiving is one of the popular American holidays, too. It is celebrated on the fourth Thu
rsday in November. This holiday dates back to the time when the first settlers, the Pilgrims, came to America. Their first winter was very hard, they had little food. In spring, the Indians taught them to plant and grow new crops, hunt and fish. The follo
w
ing autumn the colonists made a great feast for the Indians. At Thanksgiving American families gather and spend this day together. The traditional Thanksgiving food is roast turkey, pumpkin pies, cranberry jelly, ham, sweet potatoes, and other delicious f
ood.
The United States is a young country, but it has a lot of great old and new holidays that are fun to celebrate.
Education in the USA ( Образование
в США
)
Education in the USA begins at the age of six. This is when a child goes to school for the
first time and stays at school till the 12-th grade. But before that children can go to kindergartens and nursery schools to get some good preparation for elementary school. The main purpose of the elementary school is the general development of children'
s abilities in reading, writing, spelling, maths, history, geography, art, etc.
The school year usually begins in early September or even at the end of August and lasts till June. American students usually have three holidays during the year of studies:
winter break, spring break and summer break. After the 6-th form students enter junior high school and stay there till the 9-th form. After that they go to high school. Pupils usually choose subjects in the fields of science, foreign languages, art and vo
c
ational training. But courses may be different in different schools. Most young people finish schools with a high school diploma. The grading system is usually from A (excellent) to F (failed). Students also have final exams, or finals, at the end of a ye
ar and they can also have mid-term exams on different subjects.
There are some kinds of schools in the USA. There are state-supported schools, or public schools, that are free of charge and private schools which are often religious.
Such schools are often expensive.
After students finish high school, they can choose what to do next. They can apply for a university, a four-year college, technical training institutions or a community college. Students go to college for four years and after graduating th
ey get a bachelor's degree. A first-year student is called a freshman, a second-year student is called a sophomore, a third-year student is a junior and a fourth-year student is a senior. After they are accepted to a college, students can think of choosin
g their majors, or the subjects which will be connected with their future profession. Some colleges allow students to take several majors.
Students' life in college is very interesting. There are f usually a lot of different clubs and societies, theatres
, museums, a swimming-pool, a gym, a large library and everything that can make students feel at home far from their families. 93% of students usually live on campus, in dorms. Freshmen and sophomores usually live in double rooms, but they can also choose
between a single or a double room while juniors and seniors mostly get single rooms. There are also several dining-halls on campus and they offer big variety of food.
Besides colleges American young people can enter universities. They usually don't hav
e any entrance exams, but students must take state exams. Such exams are taken during the school year in the middle of the 12-th year. All colleges and universities are for fees, but those students who can't afford paying for their education, can apply fo
r Financial Aid. These are sums of money for students who need money to pay for studies.
After graduating from colleges or universities students can enter a graduate school to get a master's degree.
American Sports ( Спорт
в США )
Sport plays a very important role in American life. Most of them do sport in childhood, in colleges and even older people go in for sport regularly.
The most popular kinds of sport in the USA are swimming, tennis, squash, bowling and ot
hers. The four major kinds are hockey, football, baseball and basketball. The choice and the variety of sport can be explained by the size of the country and the variety of its climate. For example in southern states such sports as windsurfing, swimming,
racing and baseball are popular, while in northern states skiing and skating are widely spread.
American schools, colleges and universities have sports teams and hold different competitions. They have all conditions and equipment for doing sport profess
ionally. So sportsmen and those students who are fond of sport can get an education in this or that college and combine studies with doing sport. There are no special universities or colleges devoted to sport only. Every year schools and colleges take par
t in the national kinds of sports competitions. The students, who want to be in good shape, go jogging in the morning and cycle.
Americans win many gold medals in the Olympic Games and are famous for their success in various international competitions.
Canada (Канада)
Canada
is the second largest country in the world. It occupies northern part of North American continent and borders on the United Stated in the south and in the north-west. The country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and by t
he Pacific Ocean in the west.
The climate of Canada
is rather cold: winters are usually long and snowy and summers in Northern Canada are short and cool. Summers in Southern
Canada are longer and warmer. Canada
is mostly covered by forests which are one of the most important resources о f the country.
Canada is divided into ten provinces. The biggest provinces are Quebec (which is the largest province of
Canada ), British Columbia and Ontario.
The capital of Canada
, Ottawa, is situated in Ontario. It is mainly a government city but it also has a lot of places of interest such as The Chateau Laurier, Notre Dame Cathedral and the Parliament Buildings which are the symbol of Ottawa.
English and French are the two official languages of the country. English is the first language for most Canadians, but in Quebec province French is the main language.
The flag of Canada
has two red vertical stripes and a big middle white vertical stripe with a red maple leaf in the centre. Canada
is a member of the Commonwealth. It is a confederation with parliamentary democracy. Queen Elizabeth II is not only the Queen of Great Britain, but of Canada
as well. Every Canadian province has its own government.
Canada has numerous cities and towns. Montreal which is situated in the province of Quebec
is the largest city in Canada. It is divided into two parts: the English part and the French part. The heart of Montreal offers some excellent restaurants, shops and a lot of leisure activities.
Toronto, which is the capital of the province of Ontario, is the second largest city in Canada
, ft is an international commercial and business centre and it has always been an artistic and cultural centre as well. The CN Tower, the world's tallest free-standing building, is the symbol of Toronto.
Niagara Falls is the most beautiful city in Canada
. Tourists from all over the world come here to enjoy the view of the Canadian Falls or the Horseshoe. The city is a big entertaining centre with a lot of bars, restaurants, small shops, hotels and a big casino.
Canada is a very interesting country to visit!
Australia (Австралия)
Australia
is an island continent in the southern hemisphere. It is washed by the Indian Ocean in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. The territory is not very big with the population more than eighteen million people.
The climate of the country is very hot. The biggest part of Australia
lies in the tropical belt. It rains heavily in summer, but it's very hot, too.
Northeast coast of the country is protected by the Great Barrier Reef, and in the east there is the Great Dividing Range with Mount Kosciusko, the highest mountain of
Australia .
The deepest river in Australia
is the Murray River and the Darling is the longest one. In desert regions there are salt lakes like Lake Eyre. The inner part of Australia
is occupied by deserts. The most famous ones are Desert Victoria and Gibson's Desert. In the west semi-deserts turn into savannahs.
The plant life of Australia
varies. There are desert grasses, scrub, eucalyptus, acacias and others. Australia
animals are unique, they can not be found in any other place of the Earth. For example, kangaroos, koalas, Tasmanian devils, echidnas, platypuses, dingos and others.
Australia is a member of the Commonwealth. It is a federation of 6 states and 2 territories. A governor heads each state.
Australia
is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen of Great Britain (Elizabeth II) as the head of the state. The head of government is Prime Minister. The national currency is the Australian dollar.
English is the official language of Australia
. There are also a lot of aboriginal languages and dialects in Australia .
The capital of Australia
is Canberra which is often called the Garden City because of its streets lined with trees. Ot
her world famous cities are Sydney and Melbourne. Sydney is the largest city-port called the Queen City of the South. It is Australian main commercial and industrial centre. Sydney Opera House in Sydney is considered to be one of the most beautiful buildi
ngs in the world. Australia
is an industrial country rich in coal, gas, oil, ores, gold, opals. It is an agricultural country, too. Most food products are produced for exporting. Australia
is number one in producing lamb meat and sheep wool. Bee-keeping is developed as well.
Australia is a very interesting country with rich culture and strange animals. I would love to go there one day.
New Zealand (Новая Зеландия)
New Zealand is situated in southwest Pacific. The country consists of two large islands
, North and South and several smaller islands. The two main islands are separated from each other by the Cook Strait. New Zealand
is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Tasman Sea in the west. The territory is small with the population more than three million people.
The relief of each of the islands is mostly hilly and mountainous. There are active volcanoes, geysers and hot springs in New Zealand
. The highest peak is Mountain Cook in the Southern Alps on South Island. The climate of the country is mostly temperate with moderate rainfall.
The country has unusual animals and birds. The most interesting one, the kiwi, the non-flying bird, can be found only in New Zealand
. It has become the national emblem of the country.
The national currency of New Zealand
is dollar. The official language is English, but there is also the Maori language spoken by the natives. New Zealand
is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen of Great Britain as the head of the country. Queen Elizabeth II is represented by Governor-General and the head of government is Prime Minister.
The capital of New Zealand
is Wellington which is situated on North Island. It is the political centre of New Zealand
because the House of Representatives and the residence of the G
overnor-General are situated there. There are several museums in Wellington. The Dominion Museum and the National Art Gallery are the most famous ones. Horse racing is very popular among the citizens of Wellington.
Auckland is the largest city-port in New Zealand
. It is a big commercial and business centre of New Zealand
. The city is full of parks and gardens. Most of them are situated on hills and give a beautiful view on the city.
New Zealand is an agricultural country. It specializes in sheep-breeding and exports lamb meat, sheep wool and butter.
This country is sometimes called Green Paradise because of its nature: green hills, clean water and air. I would love to visit this country.
London (1)
I want to tell you about London. London is th
e capital of Britain. It was founded in 55 BC by Romans. This city is Britain's political, economic and cultural centre. London has three big parts: the City, the West End and the East End. The City of London is a big business centre. After the Great Fire
of 1666 the City was rebuilt, and since then the City has become a centre of commerce, finance, and trade.
The West End of London
has many historic places and places of interest. The East End is the poorest district in London with piers, warehouses and slums.
Piccadilly Circus is the heart of London
. On special occasions many people come to the statue of Eros in the centre of the Circus. St. Paul's Cathedral is Sir Christopher Wren's creation. It contains a lot of paintings, sculptures and other works of art.
The Houses of Parliament are the building in which Parliament sits. Big Ben, the famous clock, is situated there. Westminster Abbey is one of the most popular cathedrals. A lot of famous people are buried inside Queen Elizabeth I, Isaac Newton
, Charles Darwin, William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens and many others.
London
has a number of royal palaces. Buckingham Palace is one of them. It has been the residence of British kings and queens for ages. When Queen Elizabeth is at home the flag is above the palace.
Trafalgar Square is famous for the tall monument in the centre of it. The monument, which is called NelsonТ
s Column, was built to commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar and to honour Admiral Nelson. The National Gallery, which is situated near the square, contains the national collection of Western European painting.
The British Museum is one of the biggest museums in the world. It was founded in 1753 by an act of Parliament. In 1857 the famous Reading Room was bum in the museum. There
are a lot of artifacts and pieces of art on display at the museum. There is a big с lock exhibition, the Egyptian Sculpture Gallery.
But still one of the most famous museums in London is Madam Tussaud's Museum, which has a great collection of wax figures. The museum consists of several galleries where visitors can see wax figures of p
residents, pop-stars, football players, film stars, musicians and other outstanding people.
The Tower of London is the oldest building in the city built in the 11-th century. It used to be a prison, a fortress, a palace, a treasury and even a zoo. The o
ldest part of the Tower is the White tower. Most of the public displays are in the White Tower nowadays. They include a big collection of armour, jewels and clothes. Twelve black ravens live in the Tower of
London . There is a legend that England will be pr
osperous till the ravens live behind the Tower walls. If one of the ravens dies, it is replaced by another.
One of the London
sites is Tower Bridge. This is a bridge across the Thames built because of the need for an open waterway for large ships.
London is an educational centre, too. From all over the world students come to the University of London, the largest university in England.
London is also a cultural centre. There are more than forty theatres in the West End of
London .
London is also a bi
g shopping centre. It has many cheap and expensive shops of different kinds, so visitors can find anything in them. Harrods is one of the most famous and most expensive shops in the world. Famous people including the Royal Family buy things there.
London is really a great city. I would love to visit it one day.
London
(2)
London
is the capital of Great Britain. It is considered to be one of the most attractive cities; it is an old city with rich cultural achievements. The Romans, Saxons and Danes settled here in turn. Then the Normans came.
London
survived the Plague and the great fire, which followed. Little damage occurred during the World War I, but World War II brought tremendous destruction. Many buildings of great historic value were destroyed.
Though some of them were spared. Among them there are: the Tower, the Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's Cathedral. But Pd like to start with the Houses of Parliament, which spread magnificently on the northern bank of the river Themes. They are famous for its
Clock Tower and dock bell Big Ben. It was named so after sir Benjamin Hall, the first Commissioner of works when the Houses of Parliament were rebuilt. In medieval days it was the residence of king. But since 16-th century it became the permanent home of
t
he Parliament. If you were in London you can't but visit the Westminster Abbey, the national shrine of England where famous people were buried. One of the biggest attractions of it is the oaken Coronation Chair on which the kings were crowned. W.A. is als
o noted for its Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the Poet's Comer. The first thing you notice in London
is the St. Paul's Cathedral. Its dome has always dominated the center of the city. A prominent architect Sir Christopher Wren built it and it is considere
d to be the architectural masterpiece. Londoners always have a special affection for the St. Paul's Cathedral, which is the largest Protestant Church in England. One of the most famous sights of London is Trafalgar Square, which was named so to commemorat
e
the Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar. In the center of the Square there is a Column, which is surmounted with the statue of Nelson. The four lines in the foot of it guard the Column. On the north side of the Square there are the National and t
h
e National Portrait Galleries, where the richest collections of genuine works of art are exhibited. I think to visit London without visiting its Tower is unimaginable. It was built by William the Conqueror to protect the city. Then the Tower was used for
different purposes: as a royal palace, an observatory, an arsenal and a prison. Now there is a museum there, where the Crown Jewels are exhibited. A military garrison of «Beefeaters»
, who are still wearing their picturesque uniform, guards the Tower.
London (3)
London is the capital of Great Britain its political and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million. London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in
the world.
London was founded in the first century A.D. by the Romans. They left London in the 5th century and the city was largely abandoned. By the 8th century London was again a busy trading centre, and in the 11th century it became the capital of En
gland. Edward the Confessor built a palace and an abbey at Westminster. The Norman period saw the construction of the Tower, old St. Paul's Cathedral and many churches and monasteries.
Medieval London grew in importance as a trading centre and in 1215
its citizens won the right to elect their own leader, or Lord Mayor. London began to spread beyond the city walls during the Tudor and Stuart periods.
The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed three-quarters of the city. Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt St. Paul's C
athedral and designed 51 churches. The rebuilding of London followed the medieval street plan, but the old wooden houses were replaced by buildings of brick to reduce the future fire risk.
During the 19th century London spread rapidly into the suburbs.
As a result of it, new forms of transport were developed, including the underground railway system. Britain was then at the height of her imperial power and this is expressed in such buildings as the Houses of Parliament and St. Pancras Station.
Large areas of London were destroyed by bombs during World War II, and the rebuilding that followed was of mixed quality.
Today in its full extent Greater London covers 625 square miles and consists of 33 separate boroughs. Traditionally London is divided into
several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are rather different from one another.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Ban
k of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. The City extends over an area of about 2.6 square kilometres. About half a million people work there, but less then 6000 live there.
There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps th
e most striking of them is St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. It is Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece. It stands at the top of Ludgate Hill on a site where a Christian church has stood since the 7th century. The construction of the C
a
thedral started in 1675 and was not finished until 1709. The magnificent classical structure is crowned by the dome. Inside the dome are scenes from the life of St. Paul. Here too is the famous Whispering Gallery. There are many memorials in the Cathedral
including those to heroes such as Wellington and Nelson. The Tower of London is also situated in the City. It has been closely associated with many important events in English history. It has served as citadel, palace, prison, mint and menagerie. The Whit
e Tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror to protect the city.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
o
n must come back home on this day. This means that at Christmas, American houses are full of aunts, uncles, cousins and other relatives who might not see each other for a year. Americans put up a Christmas tree and decorate it with toys and sweets. There
a
re religious ceremonies at churches on Christmas Day and families usually attend them. The Christmas table is very big. You can see turkey, ham, sweet potatoes, pies and other food. In the morning children hurry to the Christmas tree to look for presents.
They hang big colourful socks for Santa Claus to put presents inside. Everybody starts unwrapping presents and thanking each other.
New Year's Day is celebrated on the 1-st of January but Americans begin celebrating it on the 31-st of December, There i
s a big celebration in Times Square in New York City on this day. New Year's Day is not as widely celebrated as Christmas. On January 1 Americans visit friends, relatives and neighbours. There are parties and а
lot of food. People watch television together and write New YearТ s resolutions.
Martin Luther King Day it celebrated on the third Monday in January. Martin Luther King was a black man who won full civil rights for black Americans. On this day schools
, offices and federal agencies are closed.
Memorial Day is on the last Monday of May. On this day Americans honour the memories of their dead relatives. This day is also the beginning of summer. Americans go to relax at the beach or go to the mountains.
Independence Day is one of the most important holidays in America. It is celebrated on the 4-th of July. On this day in 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia. There arc picnics, parades and fireworks all over the country on In
dependence Day. Americans do not work: they have day-long picnics with their favourite food like hot-dogs, hamburgers, potato salad and others.
Halloween is a holiday celebrated mostly by children and the young. On the 31-st of October they dress as vam
pires, witches and ghosts and go from house to house saying trick or treat. People should give them a treat otherwise, the children will play a trick, on them.
Thanksgiving is one of the popular American holidays, too. It is celebrated on the fourth Thu
rsday in November. This holiday dates back to the time when the first settlers, the Pilgrims, came to America. Their first winter was very hard, they had little food. In spring, the Indians taught them to plant and grow new crops, hunt and fish. The follo
w
ing autumn the colonists made a great feast for the Indians. At Thanksgiving American families gather and spend this day together. The traditional Thanksgiving food is roast turkey, pumpkin pies, cranberry jelly, ham, sweet potatoes, and other delicious f
ood.
The United States is a young country, but it has a lot of great old and new holidays that are fun to celebrate.
Education in the USA ( Образование
в США
)
Education in the USA begins at the age of six. This is when a child goes to school for the
first time and stays at school till the 12-th grade. But before that children can go to kindergartens and nursery schools to get some good preparation for elementary school. The main purpose of the elementary school is the general development of children'
s abilities in reading, writing, spelling, maths, history, geography, art, etc.
The school year usually begins in early September or even at the end of August and lasts till June. American students usually have three holidays during the year of studies:
winter break, spring break and summer break. After the 6-th form students enter junior high school and stay there till the 9-th form. After that they go to high school. Pupils usually choose subjects in the fields of science, foreign languages, art and vo
c
ational training. But courses may be different in different schools. Most young people finish schools with a high school diploma. The grading system is usually from A (excellent) to F (failed). Students also have final exams, or finals, at the end of a ye
ar and they can also have mid-term exams on different subjects.
There are some kinds of schools in the USA. There are state-supported schools, or public schools, that are free of charge and private schools which are often religious.
Such schools are often expensive.
After students finish high school, they can choose what to do next. They can apply for a university, a four-year college, technical training institutions or a community college. Students go to college for four years and after graduating th
ey get a bachelor's degree. A first-year student is called a freshman, a second-year student is called a sophomore, a third-year student is a junior and a fourth-year student is a senior. After they are accepted to a college, students can think of choosin
g their majors, or the subjects which will be connected with their future profession. Some colleges allow students to take several majors.
Students' life in college is very interesting. There are f usually a lot of different clubs and societies, theatres
, museums, a swimming-pool, a gym, a large library and everything that can make students feel at home far from their families. 93% of students usually live on campus, in dorms. Freshmen and sophomores usually live in double rooms, but they can also choose
between a single or a double room while juniors and seniors mostly get single rooms. There are also several dining-halls on campus and they offer big variety of food.
Besides colleges American young people can enter universities. They usually don't hav
e any entrance exams, but students must take state exams. Such exams are taken during the school year in the middle of the 12-th year. All colleges and universities are for fees, but those students who can't afford paying for their education, can apply fo
r Financial Aid. These are sums of money for students who need money to pay for studies.
After graduating from colleges or universities students can enter a graduate school to get a master's degree.
American Sports ( Спорт
в США )
Sport plays a very important role in American life. Most of them do sport in childhood, in colleges and even older people go in for sport regularly.
The most popular kinds of sport in the USA are swimming, tennis, squash, bowling and ot
hers. The four major kinds are hockey, football, baseball and basketball. The choice and the variety of sport can be explained by the size of the country and the variety of its climate. For example in southern states such sports as windsurfing, swimming,
racing and baseball are popular, while in northern states skiing and skating are widely spread.
American schools, colleges and universities have sports teams and hold different competitions. They have all conditions and equipment for doing sport profess
ionally. So sportsmen and those students who are fond of sport can get an education in this or that college and combine studies with doing sport. There are no special universities or colleges devoted to sport only. Every year schools and colleges take par
t in the national kinds of sports competitions. The students, who want to be in good shape, go jogging in the morning and cycle.
Americans win many gold medals in the Olympic Games and are famous for their success in various international competitions.
Canada (Канада)
Canada
is the second largest country in the world. It occupies northern part of North American continent and borders on the United Stated in the south and in the north-west. The country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and by t
he Pacific Ocean in the west.
The climate of Canada
is rather cold: winters are usually long and snowy and summers in Northern Canada are short and cool. Summers in Southern
Canada are longer and warmer. Canada
is mostly covered by forests which are one of the most important resources о f the country.
Canada is divided into ten provinces. The biggest provinces are Quebec (which is the largest province of
Canada ), British Columbia and Ontario.
The capital of Canada
, Ottawa, is situated in Ontario. It is mainly a government city but it also has a lot of places of interest such as The Chateau Laurier, Notre Dame Cathedral and the Parliament Buildings which are the symbol of Ottawa.
English and French are the two official languages of the country. English is the first language for most Canadians, but in Quebec province French is the main language.
The flag of Canada
has two red vertical stripes and a big middle white vertical stripe with a red maple leaf in the centre. Canada
is a member of the Commonwealth. It is a confederation with parliamentary democracy. Queen Elizabeth II is not only the Queen of Great Britain, but of Canada
as well. Every Canadian province has its own government.
Canada has numerous cities and towns. Montreal which is situated in the province of Quebec
is the largest city in Canada. It is divided into two parts: the English part and the French part. The heart of Montreal offers some excellent restaurants, shops and a lot of leisure activities.
Toronto, which is the capital of the province of Ontario, is the second largest city in Canada
, ft is an international commercial and business centre and it has always been an artistic and cultural centre as well. The CN Tower, the world's tallest free-standing building, is the symbol of Toronto.
Niagara Falls is the most beautiful city in Canada
. Tourists from all over the world come here to enjoy the view of the Canadian Falls or the Horseshoe. The city is a big entertaining centre with a lot of bars, restaurants, small shops, hotels and a big casino.
Canada is a very interesting country to visit!
Australia (Австралия)
Australia
is an island continent in the southern hemisphere. It is washed by the Indian Ocean in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. The territory is not very big with the population more than eighteen million people.
The climate of the country is very hot. The biggest part of Australia
lies in the tropical belt. It rains heavily in summer, but it's very hot, too.
Northeast coast of the country is protected by the Great Barrier Reef, and in the east there is the Great Dividing Range with Mount Kosciusko, the highest mountain of
Australia .
The deepest river in Australia
is the Murray River and the Darling is the longest one. In desert regions there are salt lakes like Lake Eyre. The inner part of Australia
is occupied by deserts. The most famous ones are Desert Victoria and Gibson's Desert. In the west semi-deserts turn into savannahs.
The plant life of Australia
varies. There are desert grasses, scrub, eucalyptus, acacias and others. Australia
animals are unique, they can not be found in any other place of the Earth. For example, kangaroos, koalas, Tasmanian devils, echidnas, platypuses, dingos and others.
Australia is a member of the Commonwealth. It is a federation of 6 states and 2 territories. A governor heads each state.
Australia
is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen of Great Britain (Elizabeth II) as the head of the state. The head of government is Prime Minister. The national currency is the Australian dollar.
English is the official language of Australia
. There are also a lot of aboriginal languages and dialects in Australia .
The capital of Australia
is Canberra which is often called the Garden City because of its streets lined with trees. Ot
her world famous cities are Sydney and Melbourne. Sydney is the largest city-port called the Queen City of the South. It is Australian main commercial and industrial centre. Sydney Opera House in Sydney is considered to be one of the most beautiful buildi
ngs in the world. Australia
is an industrial country rich in coal, gas, oil, ores, gold, opals. It is an agricultural country, too. Most food products are produced for exporting. Australia
is number one in producing lamb meat and sheep wool. Bee-keeping is developed as well.
Australia is a very interesting country with rich culture and strange animals. I would love to go there one day.
New Zealand (Новая Зеландия)
New Zealand is situated in southwest Pacific. The country consists of two large islands
, North and South and several smaller islands. The two main islands are separated from each other by the Cook Strait. New Zealand
is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Tasman Sea in the west. The territory is small with the population more than three million people.
The relief of each of the islands is mostly hilly and mountainous. There are active volcanoes, geysers and hot springs in New Zealand
. The highest peak is Mountain Cook in the Southern Alps on South Island. The climate of the country is mostly temperate with moderate rainfall.
The country has unusual animals and birds. The most interesting one, the kiwi, the non-flying bird, can be found only in New Zealand
. It has become the national emblem of the country.
The national currency of New Zealand
is dollar. The official language is English, but there is also the Maori language spoken by the natives. New Zealand
is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen of Great Britain as the head of the country. Queen Elizabeth II is represented by Governor-General and the head of government is Prime Minister.
The capital of New Zealand
is Wellington which is situated on North Island. It is the political centre of New Zealand
because the House of Representatives and the residence of the G
overnor-General are situated there. There are several museums in Wellington. The Dominion Museum and the National Art Gallery are the most famous ones. Horse racing is very popular among the citizens of Wellington.
Auckland is the largest city-port in New Zealand
. It is a big commercial and business centre of New Zealand
. The city is full of parks and gardens. Most of them are situated on hills and give a beautiful view on the city.
New Zealand is an agricultural country. It specializes in sheep-breeding and exports lamb meat, sheep wool and butter.
This country is sometimes called Green Paradise because of its nature: green hills, clean water and air. I would love to visit this country.
London (1)
I want to tell you about London. London is th
e capital of Britain. It was founded in 55 BC by Romans. This city is Britain's political, economic and cultural centre. London has three big parts: the City, the West End and the East End. The City of London is a big business centre. After the Great Fire
of 1666 the City was rebuilt, and since then the City has become a centre of commerce, finance, and trade.
The West End of London
has many historic places and places of interest. The East End is the poorest district in London with piers, warehouses and slums.
Piccadilly Circus is the heart of London
. On special occasions many people come to the statue of Eros in the centre of the Circus. St. Paul's Cathedral is Sir Christopher Wren's creation. It contains a lot of paintings, sculptures and other works of art.
The Houses of Parliament are the building in which Parliament sits. Big Ben, the famous clock, is situated there. Westminster Abbey is one of the most popular cathedrals. A lot of famous people are buried inside Queen Elizabeth I, Isaac Newton
, Charles Darwin, William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens and many others.
London
has a number of royal palaces. Buckingham Palace is one of them. It has been the residence of British kings and queens for ages. When Queen Elizabeth is at home the flag is above the palace.
Trafalgar Square is famous for the tall monument in the centre of it. The monument, which is called NelsonТ
s Column, was built to commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar and to honour Admiral Nelson. The National Gallery, which is situated near the square, contains the national collection of Western European painting.
The British Museum is one of the biggest museums in the world. It was founded in 1753 by an act of Parliament. In 1857 the famous Reading Room was bum in the museum. There
are a lot of artifacts and pieces of art on display at the museum. There is a big с lock exhibition, the Egyptian Sculpture Gallery.
But still one of the most famous museums in London is Madam Tussaud's Museum, which has a great collection of wax figures. The museum consists of several galleries where visitors can see wax figures of p
residents, pop-stars, football players, film stars, musicians and other outstanding people.
The Tower of London is the oldest building in the city built in the 11-th century. It used to be a prison, a fortress, a palace, a treasury and even a zoo. The o
ldest part of the Tower is the White tower. Most of the public displays are in the White Tower nowadays. They include a big collection of armour, jewels and clothes. Twelve black ravens live in the Tower of
London . There is a legend that England will be pr
osperous till the ravens live behind the Tower walls. If one of the ravens dies, it is replaced by another.
One of the London
sites is Tower Bridge. This is a bridge across the Thames built because of the need for an open waterway for large ships.
London is an educational centre, too. From all over the world students come to the University of London, the largest university in England.
London is also a cultural centre. There are more than forty theatres in the West End of
London .
London is also a bi
g shopping centre. It has many cheap and expensive shops of different kinds, so visitors can find anything in them. Harrods is one of the most famous and most expensive shops in the world. Famous people including the Royal Family buy things there.
London is really a great city. I would love to visit it one day.
London
(2)
London
is the capital of Great Britain. It is considered to be one of the most attractive cities; it is an old city with rich cultural achievements. The Romans, Saxons and Danes settled here in turn. Then the Normans came.
London
survived the Plague and the great fire, which followed. Little damage occurred during the World War I, but World War II brought tremendous destruction. Many buildings of great historic value were destroyed.
Though some of them were spared. Among them there are: the Tower, the Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's Cathedral. But Pd like to start with the Houses of Parliament, which spread magnificently on the northern bank of the river Themes. They are famous for its
Clock Tower and dock bell Big Ben. It was named so after sir Benjamin Hall, the first Commissioner of works when the Houses of Parliament were rebuilt. In medieval days it was the residence of king. But since 16-th century it became the permanent home of
t
he Parliament. If you were in London you can't but visit the Westminster Abbey, the national shrine of England where famous people were buried. One of the biggest attractions of it is the oaken Coronation Chair on which the kings were crowned. W.A. is als
o noted for its Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the Poet's Comer. The first thing you notice in London
is the St. Paul's Cathedral. Its dome has always dominated the center of the city. A prominent architect Sir Christopher Wren built it and it is considere
d to be the architectural masterpiece. Londoners always have a special affection for the St. Paul's Cathedral, which is the largest Protestant Church in England. One of the most famous sights of London is Trafalgar Square, which was named so to commemorat
e
the Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar. In the center of the Square there is a Column, which is surmounted with the statue of Nelson. The four lines in the foot of it guard the Column. On the north side of the Square there are the National and t
h
e National Portrait Galleries, where the richest collections of genuine works of art are exhibited. I think to visit London without visiting its Tower is unimaginable. It was built by William the Conqueror to protect the city. Then the Tower was used for
different purposes: as a royal palace, an observatory, an arsenal and a prison. Now there is a museum there, where the Crown Jewels are exhibited. A military garrison of «Beefeaters»
, who are still wearing their picturesque uniform, guards the Tower.
London (3)
London is the capital of Great Britain its political and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million. London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in
the world.
London was founded in the first century A.D. by the Romans. They left London in the 5th century and the city was largely abandoned. By the 8th century London was again a busy trading centre, and in the 11th century it became the capital of En
gland. Edward the Confessor built a palace and an abbey at Westminster. The Norman period saw the construction of the Tower, old St. Paul's Cathedral and many churches and monasteries.
Medieval London grew in importance as a trading centre and in 1215
its citizens won the right to elect their own leader, or Lord Mayor. London began to spread beyond the city walls during the Tudor and Stuart periods.
The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed three-quarters of the city. Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt St. Paul's C
athedral and designed 51 churches. The rebuilding of London followed the medieval street plan, but the old wooden houses were replaced by buildings of brick to reduce the future fire risk.
During the 19th century London spread rapidly into the suburbs.
As a result of it, new forms of transport were developed, including the underground railway system. Britain was then at the height of her imperial power and this is expressed in such buildings as the Houses of Parliament and St. Pancras Station.
Large areas of London were destroyed by bombs during World War II, and the rebuilding that followed was of mixed quality.
Today in its full extent Greater London covers 625 square miles and consists of 33 separate boroughs. Traditionally London is divided into
several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are rather different from one another.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Ban
k of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. The City extends over an area of about 2.6 square kilometres. About half a million people work there, but less then 6000 live there.
There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps th
e most striking of them is St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. It is Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece. It stands at the top of Ludgate Hill on a site where a Christian church has stood since the 7th century. The construction of the C
a
thedral started in 1675 and was not finished until 1709. The magnificent classical structure is crowned by the dome. Inside the dome are scenes from the life of St. Paul. Here too is the famous Whispering Gallery. There are many memorials in the Cathedral
including those to heroes such as Wellington and Nelson. The Tower of London is also situated in the City. It has been closely associated with many important events in English history. It has served as citadel, palace, prison, mint and menagerie. The Whit
e Tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror to protect the city.
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